Islam, Women and Fertility in Sudan

 The paper analyses the Western perception about women, Islam and Fertility. A perception that has been embodied in what is termed "the Islamic Hypothesis. The arguments for and against the hypothesis are critically presented. The assertions of the hypothesis are then tested using Sudan data from different sources, but it is to be noted that much of data used pertain to the time period where the Islamic hypothesis began to appear in the literature. The paper concludes that both arguments of the advocates of the Islamic hypothesis and their opponents are invalid for the case of Sudan

Maternal Mortality: A Global Tragedy A GIS screening approach to the Problem

The Geographical Information System ( GIS) is a new approach for looking at global morbidity and mortality. The GIS is used to produce simple and self explaining maps showing malaria transmission zones and maternal mortality ratios world- wide . Then the same system is used for Sudan taking MMR, expected deliveries and live time risk as indicators. The presentation also includes strategies for maternal morality reduction in the Sudan based on two international approaches. The first is the Millennium Development Goal MDG, 2000) and the second is the international Conference for Population and Development ( ICPD, 1994). The strategy advocates two scenarios for the reduction of maternal mortality in the Sudan. The first is to reduce MMR from 550 per 100000 live births  to 138 by the year 2015 based on DHS , 1989 information; and the second is to reduce MMR from 509 per 100000 live births  to 127 by the year 2015 . based on SMS, 1999 information

Direct and residual effects of chicken manure on soil air dry bulk density and moisture content of a desert plain soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, Northern State, Sudan

         This study was conducted for three consecutive seasons 2014/15 (direct effect), 2015/16 (direct and residual effects)  and 2016/17 (residual effect) on a desert soil with the aim to investigate direct and residual effects of chicken manure on air dry bulk density and moisture content of a desert plain soil as well as grain yield of wheat in the Northern State, Sudan. The chicken manure was used at four levels (0, 4, 8, and 12 ton ha-1). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Land preparation was done manually for the residual effects of chicken manure so as not to mix the treatments which were fixed in the same plots of the first application of the manure. The results showed that the direct and residual effects of  chicken manure were effective in improving soil physical properties. The soil air dry bulk density was very highly significantly (P≤0.001) reduced on the average across the two seasons and varied from 1.67 g cm-3 for  the control treatment to 1.39 g cm-3 for the chicken manure treatments in  the direct effect and from 1.60 g cm-3 to 1.33 g cm-3 for the residual effect. The total pore space (porosity) increased very highly significantly(P≤0.001)  on average across the seasons and varied from 36 % for the control treatment  to 47.1% for the chicken manure treatments for the direct effect and from 38% to 49.1% for the residual effect  in response to the application of  the organic manure. The direct and residual effects of chicken manure very highly significantly (P≤0.001) increased the soil moisture percentage on the average across both seasons and varied from 9.4% in the control to 16.9% for the direct effect and from 10.5% to 19.6% for the residual effect in the top soil (30 cm soil depth).The results indicated that the direct and residual effects of chicken manure gave very highly significant (P≤0.001) increases in the grain yield of wheat on the average across the seasons and varied from 0.72 in the control treatment to 3.75 ton ha-1 in the direct effect and 1.87  to 5.54 ton ha-1 for the residual effect in this desert plain soil. It is recommended that 4 ton ha-1 of chicken manure can be applied to reclaim these desert plain soils and increase wheat yield in the Northern Sudan تضمنت الدراسة تجربة نفذت خلال ثلاثة  مواسم متتالية 2014/15 (الأثر المباشر) و2015/16 (الأثر المباشر والباقي) و2016/17 (الأثر الباقي)  في تربة صحراوية بهدف معرفة الأثر المباشر والباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن بأربعة مستويات (0 و 4 و 8 و 12 طن/ هكتار) على الكثافة الظاهرية ومحتوى الماء لتربة السهل الصحراوي وإنتاجية القمح بالولاية الشمالية بالسودان. نفذت التجربة على نظام القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة لثلاث مكررات. تم تحضير ارض التجربة يدويا حتى تحتفظ وحدات التجربة بنفس معاملات السنة الأولى وذلك لمعرفة الأثر الباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن. أوضحت النتائج أن الأثر المباشر و الباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن فعال في تحسين الخواص الطبيعية للتربة. وجد تناقص معنوي عال جدا (P≤0.001) في قيمة الكثافة الظاهرية للتربة في المتوسط للموسمين من 1.67  في الشاهد إلى 1.39 جرام/ سم3 في معاملات سماد زرق الدواجن بالنسبة للأثر المباشر لسماد زرق الدواجن حيث تناقصت الكثافة الظاهرية من 1.60 إلى 1.33 جرام/ سم3 بالنسبة للأثر الباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن. بينما حدثت زيادة معنوية عاليه جدا (P≤0.001) في مسامية التربة  في المتوسط للموسمين من 36 % في الشاهد إلى 47.1 % للأثر المباشر لمعاملات سماد زرق الدواجن أما بالنسبة للأثر الباقي كانت الزيادة في المتوسط للموسمين من 38% في الشاهد إلى 49% لمعاملات سماد زرق الدواجن. و أيضا أن سماد زرق الدواجن و أثره الباقي له اثر معنوي عالي جدا في زيادة  النسبة المئوية لماء التربة حيث كانت الزيادة في المتوسط للموسمين من 9.4 % في الشاهد إلى 16.9 % للأثر المباشر لسماد زرق الدواجن ومن 10.5 % في الشاهد إلى 19.6 % للأثر الباقي  لسماد زرق الدواجن في عمق 30سم من سطح التربة. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن الأثر المباشر والباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن له أثر معنوي عال جدا (P≤0.001) في زيادة إنتاجية محصول القمح في المتوسط للموسمين من 0.72 طن/هكتار في الشاهد إلى 3.75 طن/هكتار للأثر المباشر لمعاملات سماد زرق الدواجن ومن 1.87 طن/هكتار في الشاهد إلى 5.54 طن/هكتار للأثر الباقي لسماد زرق الدواجن  بتربة السهل الصحراوي. توصى الدراسة بان إضافة 4 طن/هكتار من سماد زرق الدواجن هي الأفضل لاستصلاح ترب السهل الصحراوي وزيادة إنتاجية القمح بشمال السودان

Modeling and analyzing a health care supply chain system

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.A Thesis presented on Improving and Redefining the Supply Chain in Healthcare, defining existing problems with current Supply Chain applications, and reviewing current applications and trends in the Supply Chain culture within the Manufacturing Industries and Healthcare Industries. Research of successful applications of new, and improvements to existing supply chain methodologies are presented. The concept of a future Supply Chain Management System, extending the boundaries of conventional Healthcare Supply Chain to include both conventional customer (Healthcare Materiel and Capital Assets Requestors and Distributors) and the nonconventional (the Healthcare Beneficiary), is presented in detail. Final discussions and conclusions of this concept are offered as a review of this concept for the reader of this manuscript

Preparation and characterization of some unsaturated polyester alkyds based on terephthalic and isophthalic acids

In this work unsaturated polyesters based on terephthalate acid and isophthalic acid have been prepared by a two-stage process. In the first stage the prepolymer bis(2-hydroxypropyl) terephthalate (PTP1) was prepared and purified. PTPl was heated at different temperatures within the range lSO-1800 C, and the changes in molecular weight distribution, on heating, and the considerable ester-interchanges were assessed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Similar experiments were performed with the prepolymer (P(TP)J provided by Imperial Chemical Industries and the prepolymer bis(hydroxypropyl) isophthalate (PIP1) which was synthesised and purified. GPC and NMR were used to compare the temperature dependence of ester-interchange and polycondensation in the three prepolymers. In order to see the implications of the ester-interchange observed on the mechanism of the reaction between prepolymer and maleic anhydride, unsaturated polyesters produced at various temperatures in short reaction times have been fractionated by preparative GPC. High resolution 300 MHz proton NMR was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the unsaturated polyester and its fractions~ $tructures were assigned to the oligomeric compounds and reaction mechanisms were outlined. -Finally the products of the reaction of (PTP1), propylene glycol, maleic anhydride (or fumaric acid) in various molar ratios were examined by NMR and GPC, and their results were compared with a study of unsaturated polyesters based on (P(TP)n) and (PIP1)

Isolation, Identification And Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of The Semi-Purified Compound From Strobilanthes Crispus (L. Bremek)

This study involved isolation, purification and identification of bioactive compound from the leaves of Kecibiling, Strobilanthes crispus. The bioactive compound obtained was tested for its antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. Chemical investigation on the leaves using methanol, Column Chromatography and liquid- liquid extraction of the oily fraction resulted in the isolation, purification and identification of the active compound, verbascoside

The evolution of a slow electrostatic shock into a plasma shock mediated by electrostatic turbulence

The collision of two plasma clouds at a speed that exceeds the ion acoustic speed can result in the formation of shocks. This phenomenon is observed not only in astrophysical scenarios such as the propagation of supernova remnant (SNR) blast shells into the interstellar medium, but also in laboratory-based laser-plasma experiments. These experiments and supporting simulations are thus seen as an attractive platform for the small-scale reproduction and study of astrophysical shocks in the laboratory. We model two plasma clouds, which consist of electrons and ions, with a 2D PIC simulation. The ion temperatures of both clouds differ by a factor of 10. Both clouds collide at a speed, which is realistic for laboratory studies and for SNR shocks in their late evolution phase like that of RCW86. A magnetic field, which is orthogonal to the simulation plane, has a strength that is comparable to that at SNR shocks. A forward shock forms between the overlap layer of both plasma clouds and the cloud with the cooler ions. A large-amplitude ion acoustic wave is observed between the overlap layer and the cloud with the hotter ions. It does not steepen into a reverse shock, because its speed is below the ion acoustic speed. A gradient of the magnetic field amplitude builds up close to the forward shock as it compresses the magnetic field. This gradient gives rise to an electron drift that is fast enough to trigger an instability. Electrostatic ion acoustic wave turbulence develops ahead of the shock. It widens its transition layer and thermalizes the ions, but the forward shock remains intact.Comment: Accepted for publication in the New Journal of Physic

Trials and tribulations of Sla framework in designing Arabic courses for speakers of other languages

There is a consensus among language teachers and researchers that language course design is always a work in progress. This is influenced by variables such as the type of language being taught and whether the teaching of this language has been researched. Arabic is one the languages that have created aperennial debate among its teachers about the anticipated challenges pointing principally to three reasons. The first reason refers to the dichotomy that exists between MSA and Colloquial Arabic, which will have a direct impact on teaching the macro-skill of „speaking‟. The second reason deals with the complexity of MSA in terms of grammar. The final reason discusses the theoretical aspects of language teaching and learning and its implications to the design of the Arabic program. This paper discusses these problems stemming from the recent empirical pilot study of teaching Arabic for a specific purposes (ASP). The study exposes some the problems mentioned above and suggests solutions to improve the teaching of Arabic in the light of theories of SLA and language teaching and learning

Classifying Web 2.0 Supported Applications By Pattern Of Usage: Functional & Technical ISSUES

The rapid evolution of Internet technologies have witnessed new Web elements, such as blogs, wikis, social networking, social bookmarking, and other related applications referred to as Web 2.0. Web 1.0 paradigm was related with passive, just receptive users, whereas Web 2.0 paradigm relies mainly on user participation and user-generated content. In Web 2.0 applications users are invited to comment, share, edit, classify, as well as remix data from multiple sources. Although there are several Web 2.0 applications in the market there is still lack of a profound approach guiding the analysis, design and development of such applications. This paper suggests classifying Web 2.0 tools by “Pattern of Usage” or in other words the functionalities that characterize their specific features. By reviewing several literatures we extracted multiple attributes related to functionalities of Web 2.0 tools. These have been crystallised into 7 patterns of usage that include; Inter-connectivity, Content authoring, Content tagging & rating, Content aggregation & syndication, Content remixing, Content streaming and File sharing. By interlinking functionality/ usage with underlying technologies, techniques and architecture we provided insight into design and technical requirements for Web 2.0 supported applications. Furthermore we broke down the patterns into basic, elementary to include Inter-connectivity, File sharing and Content remixing, and secondary, supportive to include the other four patterns. This would provide the technical core for any development methodology targeted at Web 2.0 applications

Experimental Investigation of Condensation Heat Transfer Characteristics of R-134a Vapor in Horizontal Heat Exchanger

قدم هذا البحث دراسة تجريبية لمعامل انتقال الحرارة وانحدار الضغط خلال تكثيف مائع ثنائي الطور في حالة جريان لمائع التثليج R-134a في مقطع أنبوب مكثف لمنظومة تبريد تحت ظروف تشغيل مختلفة. الاستقصاء العملي والنظري اعتمد ظروف اختبار تم تحديدها، للفيض الحراري 17-10)) كيلوواط\متر مربع، الفيض الكتلي (63-42) كغم\متر مربع. ثانيه، نسبة الجفاف للبخار (0.03-1) ودرجة حرارة التشبع للمائع من (44 الى (49 درجة مئوية. الاختبارات العملية نفذت باستخدام جهاز فحص يتضمن مقطع فحص لمحاكاة مبادل حراري من نوع الانبوب المتداخل مبرد بالماء والذي صمم ونفذ خلال الدراسة الحالية. أظهرت النتائج العملية وجود تأثير واضح للفيض الحراري والفيض الكتلي على قيم معامل انتقال الحرارة. قيم معامل انتقال الحرارة قد ازدادت مع زيادة الفيض الحراري والفيض الكتلي ضمن ظروف الاختبار المحددة، حيث كانت نسبة التحسين في معامل انتقال الحرارة بحدود 47% و14% لقيم الفيض الحراري والفيض الكتلي الأعلى نسبيا على التوالي. نسبة التحسين في معامل انتقال الحرارة كانت بحدود 51% و43% لقيم درجة حرارة التشبع ونسبة الجفاف للمائع 45.47˚C و0.88   على التوالي مقارنة بالقيم الأخرى عند ظروف تشغيل ثابته. انحدار الضغط كان اعلى بحدود 12% و 49% لقيم الفيض الكتلي والفيض الحراري الأعلى نسبيا على التوالي. تم التثبت من نتائج الدراسة الحالية من خلال المقارنة مع نتائج النماذج النظرية وكذلك مع نتائج دراسة مشابهه وقد أظهرت المقارنة توافق مقبول.An experimental investigation of refrigerant R-134a two-phase flow condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in condenser tube section of refrigeration system under different operating conditions is presented. The experimental and theoretical investigations are based on test conditions in range of 10 -17 kW/m2 for heat flux, 42-63 kg/m2s for mass flux, vapor quality 1-0.03 and saturation temperature 44 to 49˚C. The experimental tests are conducted on test rig supplied with a test section to simulate the water cooled double pipe heat exchanger, which is designed and constructed in the present work. “The experimental results have revealed that, the heat flux and mass flux have significant impacts on the heat transfer coefficient. “The heat transfer coefficient was increased with increase in heat flux and mass flux at prescribed test conditions, where the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient was about 47% and 14% for relatively higher heat flux and mass flux, respectively. “The enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient was about 51% for relatively lower saturation temperature 45.97˚C and 43% for higher vapor quality 0.88 compared to other values at constant test conditions. “The pressure drop was higher in the range of 12% and 49% for relatively higher mass flux and heat flux respectively. “The present work results have validated by comparison with predictive models and with similar research work results and the comparison has revealed  an acceptable agreement